Colour is a fundamental part of human experience, closely intertwined with art, culture, religion and science. From the earliest cave paintings to contemporary digital design, it has shaped how we perceive and interpret the world around us. This article explores the origins of colour pigments, the rise of synthetic dyes and the cultural and psychological meanings colours have carried throughout history. It also examines how colour perception has evolved in response to technological innovation, social change and intercultural exchange.Origins of Natural PigmentsPrehistoric timesThe earliest known artworks, including cave paintings, were created using natural pigments. Red ochre, an iron oxide, was used as far back as 70,000 years ago in African sites. Other pigments included charcoal for black and ground limestone for white, often mixed with animal fat or plant oils to form paint. These colours likely held ritual or spiritual meaning. Their use was closely linked to local availability and research into pigment origins offers insight into early human migration and trade; some materials were not native to the regions where they were found, implying exchange or long-distance transport.AntiquityIn ancient Egypt, pigments such as Egyptian blue and malachite green were produced from minerals and used in murals, sculpture and cosmetics. Egyptian blue is considered the first synthetic pigment, composed of silica, limestone, copper ore and natron. Across China and Mesopotamia, similar techniques created vibrant artworks. In ancient Rome, cinnabar (mercury sulphide) was prized for its rich red colour despite its toxicity. In the Andes, cochineal, derived from scale insects, produced a brilliant natural red. These examples show that colour played a significant role in identity, status and religion from an early stage.